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Dense housing did not prevent families from having children prior to the 1950s. It's really a matter of affordable housing and expectations. While I know families that have two children in a bedroom in bunk beds in a luxury condo in Manhattan, the reality is that there's an expectation that each child will have their own room. And housing prices are a major issue. It's hard to have children when a one-bedroom apartment goes for $4,500 per month. The other issue with cities is the sorry state of public education. Purchasing a home at over $1,000, a square foot and spending upwards of $50,000 a year per child on private education, prices out large families even for those in the 1%. Manhattan and San Francisco are extremes, but this is an issue in many of our cities and even many suburbs. Five decades of inflationary policies and a failure of conservatives to fix public education or implement school choice have National effects.

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All yes. And as to housing density, we address this issue (dos and don'ts) here:

https://www.rodmartin.org/p/the-inadvertent-one-child-policy

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That's part of it, no doubt. But it's awfully telling that most American women say they want to have larger families...but wait to late for that to be biologically possible.

Culture is lying to them. There's a reason the religious have much higher birthrates in most countries.

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And...not killing babies in the womb would probably help.

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NO KIDDING!

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Nearly all of us are victims of overcrowded environments. Our quality of life is constantly declining, adding more people to solve the ‘problem’ makes our lives worse.

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I'd like to start off by first apologizing to Dr. Martin for re-typing my comment. I accidentally deleted my original comment. With that said, let's dive in. This is another excellent article by Daniel Hess! The startling reality is that the vast majority of countries on this Earth are seeing their fertility rates plummet and are nowhere close to replacement level. The economic hit of this will be absolutely enormous and catastrophic for the global economy. Low birth rates countries make up a whopping 90% of global GDP. Yes, you read that right. But isn't the global population growing and the Earth overcrowded? Here's the thing the global population is growing but as Mr. Hess's very helpful population shows, there are 1/4th as many children as there are 50-year-olds. That population growth is driven primarily by middle aged and old people. As far as the Earth being overcrowded goes, we only think this because we've been told that lie all our lives and many of us live in cities. There is in fact a ton of unused land out there. It's also a myth that we would be richer with fewer people competing. That is not the case! We would actually be poorer. The main source of progress is new ideas. This requires geniuses, innovators, risk takers, and pioneering entrepreneurs. The larger the population, the better the chance you will one of those type of people. The smaller the population, the less of chance you're going to find one of those type of people. Any society needs folks like Ludwig van Beethoven, Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Samuel Morse, Henry Ford, Ray Kroc, Walt Disney, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Marie Curie, Claude Monet, Galileo Galilei, Rosalind Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington Carver, Sam Walton, Robert Johnson, Theodor Geisel, Jim Henson, and J.P. Morgan. They drive global innovation which in turn produces wealth, nation's economies grow and the global economy in turn grows. As country's populations age and decline, we lose specializations and economies of scale. This will cause all global innovation to grind to a screeching halt. The countries most responsible for driving global innovation that will be most crippled by population decline thus hurting the economy of the whole world. Immigration is NOT a fix for this contrary to what you've heard. This is for three reasons, 1) One country's loss will be another's gain. For instance, Ukraine's population has plummeted due to their people being killed by the Russians or by leaving the country as refugees. 2) Rich countries will simply skim all the talented people from the poor countries. 3) Birthrates are falling all over the world, in rich AND poor countries. It's not just countries like the United States, Canada, Britian, France and Germany, it's also countries like Liberia, Jamaica, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Brazil, Mexico, India, China, Colombia, and Uruguay. All this will culminate in if we don't take action soon, a worldwide Great Depression 2.0. The one and ONLY solution is raising birth rates. Great examples of how we can raise birth rates are countries like Israel and Mongolia, historical societies like America to 1900 and Victorian England and religious communities like the Amish, Mennonites and ultra-orthodox Jews. How do we raise birth rates? First off, we need to restore and emphasize the nuclear family, bring down divorce rates and bring up marriage rates. We as a society also need to discourage divorce, cohabitation, premarital sex, having children out of a wedlock, childlessness, and single moms. We should also stigmatize hook-up culture, watching hardcore porn, depraved sexual practices like polyarmy and BDSM, people flaunting their sexuality in public, and children being assigned sexually explicit books. As to the environment, we need more environmental optimism as we are making progress on that front. It's also important that people understand the science behind Climate Change is something we've been lied to about for years by the scientific establishment, politicians and the press. Don't get me wrong, Climate Change is real and is problem that will only get worse the longer we wait to take action. But it is not going to be as bad or as catastrophic as they claim. They are either using flawed or bunk science or are speculating or both. Also, we need pragmatic, bottom-up solutions to Climate Change that come from the public NOT top-down solutions imposed by the government, which let's just say have gone so well. We also need to de-polarize and de-tribalize America in order to patch back up the fabric of our union, restore community in this nation and to better gender relations. The shocking fact is that inter-political marriages are more disapproved of and less common than are interracial marriages. The more we heal the divisions that exist between left and right, the more we in turn heal relations between men and women. Building more low-density neighborhoods and cities will also be key. High-density areas are terrible for fertility. We should build more affordable housing for families in this country to live in. We should also be teaching comprehensive sexual education and fertility education in schools, to expand government daycare programs, implement paid family leave and paid maternity leave, raise the minimum wage, and implement universal healthcare. Those would be my suggestions. Also, the extended family assisting in childcare and the couple in question having a good support system can also help. We should work to shift cultural norms with positive messages about marriage and family in the media and to encourage Americans to have large families. Lastly, we need the return of organized religion and a Third Great Awakening. Gradually, I think we are beginning to see both these things as Christianity is making a comeback, churches in the Western world are beginning to fill up and Gen Z being a more religious generation than the Millennials were. A reformation of the Christian Church in America and the West is necessary as well. What is needed is something like a modern Council of Trent. The sad truth is that the Protestant Reformation was not entirely a good thing. This is because while it gave Christians the freedom to interpret the Bible differently than it traditionally was and to worship and practice the faith how they chose. But the downside of that is, there were never any limits on just HOW subjective the Bible could be interpreted or HOW free Christians were in deviating from traditional Christian practice. That is why representatives of all the major Christian denominations Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox need to get together and set those limits and excommunicate those using the word of God and the misuses of the Christian religion for purposes that it was never intended for. A degree of latitude in interpreting the Bible is fine but anything goes like we have now? No way Jose! For example, as a pious Lutheran I would have no problem with LGBT people being welcomed, the Church taking a more a nuanced position on abortion and accepting birth control, Christians being Freemasons, living in peace and harmony with people of other faiths, atheists and agnostics, and Christians supporting Zionism and the state of Israel. But things that are absolutely blasphemous like inserting partisan or identity politics into the faith, prosperity gospel, speaking in tongues, faith healing, cults, drag queens in church, and nonbinary God should be banned as heretical and not considered part of the Christian community!

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